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The causative voice is a grammatical voice promoting the oblique argument of a transitive verb to an actor argument. When the causative voice is applied to a verb, its valency increases by one. If, after the application of the grammatical voice, there are two actor arguments, one of them is obligatorily demoted to an oblique argument.
In general linguistics, a labile verb (or ergative verb) is a verb that undergoes causative alternation; that is, it can be used both transitively and intransitively, with the requirement that the direct object of its transitive use corresponds to the subject of its intransitive use, [1] as in "I ring the bell" and "The bell rings."
The active voice is the most commonly used in many languages and represents the "normal" case, in which the subject of the verb is the agent. In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
In linguistic morphology, causative mood serves to express a causal relation, e.g., a logical inference relation, between the current clause and the clause or sentence it refers to. It occurs, for example, in Eskimo-Aleut languages.
The rules governing argument marking are complex in passives of verbs with more than one object, such as inherently bitransitive verbs like tē-tla-maca ' to give ' and verbs with additional causative or applicative objects, but it is generally only the animate beneficiary or recipient object which may become the subject of the passivized verb ...
Some verbs in English have historically derived forms that show change of valency in some causative verbs, such as fall-fell-fallen:fell-felled-felled; rise-rose-risen:raise-raised-raised; cost-cost-cost:cost-costed-costed. In valency marking languages, valency change is shown by inflecting the verb in order to change the valency.
[3] Some Spanish examples include "verbs of displacement," such as mudarse ' to move (in the sense of changing domicile) ', moverse ' to displace ', and desplazarse ' to displace ', and "internal bodily motion," such as agitarse ' to shake ', removerse ' to fidget ', revolverse ' toss and turn '.
In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates. Valency is related, though not identical, to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all arguments, including the subject.