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General plural formal command; used also as familiar plural command in Spanish America Note that the pronouns precede the verb in the negative commands as the mode is subjunctive, not imperative: no te comas/comás ; no se coma/coman ; no nos comamos ; no os comáis .
The second-person familiar plural is expressed in most of Spain with the pronoun vosotros and its characteristic verb forms (e.g., coméis 'you eat'), while in Latin American Spanish it merges with the formal second-person plural (e.g., ustedes comen). Thus, ustedes is used as both the formal and familiar second-person pronoun in Latin America.
Spanish has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural. [27] The singular form is the lemma, and the plural is the marked form. [28] Whether a noun is singular or plural generally depends on the referent of the noun, with singular nouns typically referring to one being and plural nouns to multiple.
Even in modern times, the use of vosotros may still be found in oratory, legal documents, or other highly formal or archaic contexts. [11] Spanish studies scholar Daniel Eisenberg has noted that because the "use of archaic Spanish can give an impression of authority and wisdom", Latin American Spanish speakers will sometimes use vosotros to ...
Formal conjugations of the plural imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar, etc. The verbs sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising .
-s is once again the plural marker, and if the lemma ends in a consonant, the adjective takes -es in the plural. Thus: caliente ("hot") → caliente, caliente, calientes, calientes; formal ("formal") → formal, formal, formales, formales; verde ("green") → verde, verde, verdes, verdes; This division into two groups is a generalization, however.
In the Spanish language there are some verbs with irregular past participles. There are also verbs with both regular and irregular participles, in which the irregular form is most used as an adjective , while the regular form tends to appear after haber to form compound perfect tenses.
Another sign that Spanish once had a grammatical neuter exists in words that derive from neuter plurals. In Latin, a neuter plural ended in -a, and so these words today in Spanish are interpreted as feminine singulars and take singular verb forms; however, they do express some notion of a plural. [citation needed]