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arabic letter alef with attached kasra u+0875 ... arabic letter ae goal with 2 dots horizontally above = teh marbuta goal: dal u+062f:
Native Arabic long vowels: ā ī ū; Long vowels in borrowed words: ē ō; Short vowels: fatḥa is represented as a, kasra as i and ḍamma as u. (see short vowel marks) Wāw and yāʼ are represented as u and i after fatḥa: ʻain "eye", yaum "day". Non-standard Arabic consonants: p (پ), ž (ژ), g (گ) Alif maqṣūra (ى): ā
Early written Arabic used only rasm (in black). Later, i‘jām (in red) were added so that letters such as ṣād (ص) and ḍād (ض) could be distinguished. Ḥarakāt (in blue)—which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic—indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations.
When a shaddah is used on a consonant which also takes a fatḥah /a/, the fatḥah is written above the shaddah.If the consonant takes a kasrah /i/, it is written between the consonant and the shaddah instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, not in other languages that use the Arabic script.
(ــِـ) kasra (i) (ــُـ) ḍamma (u) (ــْـ) sukūn (no vowel) The ḥarakāt or vowel points serve two purposes: They serve as a phonetic guide. They indicate the presence of short vowels (fatḥa, kasra, or ḍamma) or their absence (sukūn). At the last letter of a word, the vowel point reflects the inflection case or conjugation mood.
The Arabic alphabet, [a] or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, [ b ] of which most have contextual letterforms.
"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects. "Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian. FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words. SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other letter depending on the calligraphic style.
The Arabic Extended-B and Arabic Extended-A ranges encode additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages.