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In addition, acetyl-CoA is a precursor for the biosynthesis of various acetyl-chemicals, acting as an intermediate to transfer an acetyl group during the biosynthesis of those acetyl-chemicals. Acetyl-CoA is also involved in the regulation of various cellular mechanisms by providing acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post ...
In IUPAC nomenclature, an acetyl group is called an ethanoyl group. An acetyl group contains a methyl group (−CH 3) that is single-bonded to a carbonyl (C=O), making it an acyl group. The carbonyl center of an acyl radical has one non-bonded electron with which it forms a chemical bond to the remainder (denoted with the letter R) of the molecule.
Its acetyl-coenzyme A form is the primary input in the citric acid cycle and is obtained from glycolysis, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid beta oxidation. This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates , amino acids , and lipids .
Acetyl Co-A can also be used in fatty acid synthesis, and a common function of the synthetase is to produce acetyl Co-A for this purpose. [3] The reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA synthetase takes place in two steps. First, AMP must be bound by the enzyme to cause a conformational change in the active site, which allows the reaction to take place.
The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:[acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl coenzyme A-acyl-carrier-protein transacylase, acetyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, [acyl-carrier-protein]acetyltransferase, [ACP]acetyltransferase, and ACAT. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Two specific enzymes participate on the carbon monoxide side of the pathway: CO dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA synthase. The former catalyzes the reduction of the CO 2 and the latter combines the resulting CO with a methyl group to give acetyl-CoA. [2] [1] [3] Some anaerobic bacteria use the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway in reverse to break down acetate.
ATP citrate lyase catalyses the Mg.ATP-dependent, CoA-dependent cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, a key step in the reductive tricarboxylic acid pathway of CO 2 assimilation used by a variety of autotrophic bacteria and archaea to fix carbon dioxide. [4] ATP citrate lyase is composed of two distinct subunits.
The 4 substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADPH, and H +, whereas its 4 products are acyl-CoA, CoA, CO 2, and NADP +. More specifically, the FAS catalysis mechanism consumes an acetyl coenzyme A ( acetyl-CoA ) and seven malonyl-CoA molecules to produce a palmitoyl-CoA .