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Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD, cPTSD, or hyphenated C-PTSD) is a stress-related mental and behavioral disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas [1] (i.e., commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events, from which one sees little or no chance to escape). [2] [3] [4]
The name of the disorder, particularly the suitability of the term borderline, is a subject of ongoing debate. Initially, the term reflected historical ideas of borderline insanity and later described patients on the border between neurosis and psychosis. These interpretations are now regarded as outdated and clinically imprecise. [8] [33]
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [b] is a mental and behavioral disorder [8] that develops from experiencing a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, domestic violence, child abuse, warfare and its associated traumas, natural disaster, traffic collision, or other threats on a person's life or well-being.
Three fundamental findings shaped HiTOP. [2] First, psychopathology is best characterized by dimensions rather than in discrete categories. [14] Dimensions are defined as continua that reflect individual differences in a maladaptive characteristic across the entire population (e.g., social anxiety is a dimension that ranges from comfortable social interactions to distress in nearly all social ...
Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) can occur due to symptom overlap with other mental health conditions and the high rate of comorbidity in personality disorders. [2] Research has shown that having a personality disorder like BPD is a significant vulnerability factor for comorbidity with other mental health conditions.
Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [8] [9] [6] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) is a form of psychoanalytic therapy dating to the 1960s, rooted in the conceptions of Otto Kernberg on BPD and its underlying structure (borderline personality organization). Unlike in the case of traditional psychoanalysis, the therapist plays a very active role in TFP.
[10] [41] More recent research has identified TF-CBT as an effective approach for treating children with complex posttraumatic stress, one article finding that those with complex PTSD showed a greater reduction in their symptoms following treatment than those who had non-complex PTSD. [10] In the United States, the concept of complex trauma is ...