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In 1937, Ives performed a detailed analysis of the spectral shifts to be expected of particle beams observed at different angles following a "test theory" which was consistent with the Michelson-Morley experiment (MMX) and the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment (KTX), but which differed from special relativity (and the mathematically equivalent theory of Lorentz and Lamor) in including a parameter ...
The transverse Doppler effect and consequently time dilation was directly observed for the first time in the Ives–Stilwell experiment (1938). In modern Ives-Stilwell experiments in heavy ion storage rings using saturated spectroscopy, the maximum measured deviation of time dilation from the relativistic prediction has been limited to ≤ 10 −8.
This was achieved by Ives–Stilwell who measured α. So β can be determined using Kennedy–Thorndike, and subsequently δ using Michelson–Morley. In addition to those second order tests, Mansouri and Sexl described some experiments measuring first order effects in v / c (such as Rømer's determination of the speed of light ) as being ...
A variety of experiments confirming this effect have been performed both in the atmosphere and in particle accelerators. Another type of time dilation experiments is the group of Ives–Stilwell experiments measuring the relativistic Doppler effect.
He is best known for the 1938 Ives–Stilwell experiment, which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's time dilation, [2] although Ives himself did not accept special relativity, and argued instead for an alternative interpretation of the experimental results. [3]
The stated purpose by Ives and Stilwell (1938, 1941) of these experiments was to verify the time dilation effect, predicted by Larmor–Lorentz ether theory, due to motion through the ether using Einstein's suggestion that Doppler effect in canal rays would provide a suitable experiment.
The difference that Ives and Stilwell measured corresponded, within experimental limits, to the effect predicted by special relativity. [p 7] Various of the subsequent repetitions of the Ives and Stilwell experiment have adopted other strategies for measuring the mean of blueshifted and redshifted particle beam emissions.
Ives–Stilwell experiment: Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell Confirmation Relativistic Doppler shift: 1942 Chicago Pile-1: Enrico Fermi: Demonstration First self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction: 1945 Trinity: Manhattan Project: Demonstration First nuclear weapon detonation 1947 Lamb–Retherford experiment: Willis Lamb and Robert Retherford ...