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Chronic stress is the physiological or psychological response induced by a long-term internal or external stressor. [1] The stressor, either physically present or recollected, will produce the same effect and trigger a chronic stress response. [ 1 ]
Chronic stress is a term sometimes used to differentiate it from acute stress. Definitions differ, and may be along the lines of continual activation of the stress response, [ 43 ] stress that causes an allostatic shift in bodily functions, [ 5 ] or just as "prolonged stress". [ 44 ]
Chronic stress has also been associated with other medical conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and arthritis. [31] The severity varies from person to person. Gender difference can also be an underlying factor. Women are able to take longer durations of stress than men without showing the same maladaptive changes.
Stress management refers to a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's levels of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. It involves controlling and reducing the tension that occurs in stressful situations by making emotional and physical changes.
Chronic stress also causes greater response to fear of the unlearned in the nervous system, and fear conditioning. [16] In the immune system, the increase in levels of chronic stress results in the elevation of inflammation. The increase in inflammation levels is caused by the ongoing activation of the sympathetic nervous system. [5]
Chronic stress is the response to emotional pressure suffered for a prolonged period of time in which an individual perceives they have little or no control. [18] When chronic stress is experienced, the body is in a state of continuous physiological arousal. [ 19 ]