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Prenatal testing is a tool that can be used to detect some birth defects at various stages prior to birth. Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis , which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. [ 1 ]
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), sometimes called "chorionic villous sampling" (as "villous" is the adjectival form of the word "villus"), [1] is a form of prenatal diagnosis done to determine chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus.
Studies from 2000 to 2006 estimated the procedure-related pregnancy loss at 0.6-0.86%. [34] [35] The most recent systematic review of the literature and updated meta-analysis on the risk of pregnancy loss following amniocentesis was published in 2019. This study cites the amniocentesis-related pregnancy loss to be 0.30% (95% CI, 0.11–0.49%). [36]
The most common abnormality the test can screen is trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).In addition to Down syndrome, the triple and quadruple screens assess risk for fetal trisomy 18 also known as Edwards syndrome, open neural tube defects, and may also detect an increased risk of Turner syndrome, triploidy, trisomy 16 mosaicism, fetal death, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, and steroid sulfatase ...
A number of defects can be detected before birth by different prenatal tests. [10] Treatment varies depending on the defect in question. [7] This may include therapy, medication, surgery, or assistive technology. [7] Birth defects affected about 96 million people as of 2015. [11] In the United States, they occur in about 3% of newborns. [8]
Ultrasound examination may also detect the problem. Medical imaging can confirm the diagnosis after birth. [5] Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect related to but distinct from other types such as anencephaly and encephalocele. [13] Most cases of spina bifida can be prevented if the mother gets enough folate before and during pregnancy. [3]
Since the advent of forms of prenatal diagnosis, such as amniocentesis and ultrasound, it has become possible to detect the presence of congenital disorders in the fetus before birth. Specifically, disability-selective abortion is the abortion of fetuses that are found to have non-fatal mental or physical defects detected through prenatal ...
During the birth of a child, men were rarely present. Women from the neighbourhood or family would join in on the process of birth and assist in many different ways. [108] The one position where men would help with the birth of a child would be in the sitting position, usually when performed on the side of a bed to support the mother. [77]: 130