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For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters. See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.
Ohala, Manjari (1999), "Hindi", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 100– 103, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
This shows up in all sorts of words and names. South Indians will write "Sunitha" and "Dhal" where North Indians and Pakistanis write "Sunita" and "Dal". Hindi-Urdu speakers will never pronounce thing with a voiceless dental plosive. Hindi-Urdu speakers see a t and immediately try to judge if it is a
Indeed, in the illustration of Hindi in the IPA Handbook, the letters c and ɟ are used for /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/. Among the symbols of the IPA, 107 letters represent consonants and vowels, 31 diacritics are used to modify these, and 17 additional signs indicate suprasegmental qualities such as length, tone, stress, and intonation.
As a result of schwa syncope, the correct Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal rendering of Devanagari. For instance, राम is Rām (incorrect: Rāma ), रचना is Rachnā (incorrect: Rachanā ), वेद is Véd (incorrect: Véda ) and नमकीन is Namkeen (incorrect Namakeena ).
Tatsama (Sanskrit: तत्सम, "same as that") refers to words that are borrowed into Hindi or Old Hindi directly from Sanskrit with minor phonological modification (e.g. lack of pronunciation of the final schwa). The Hindi register of Hindustani is associated with a large number of tatsama words through Sanskritisation.
Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation. ⫽Double slashes⫽ indicate diaphonemes . For example, some speakers pronounce dune as /djuːn/ with a distinct /j/ , others /duːn/ as if spelled doon , and even others /dʒuːn/ like June .
This chart provides audio examples for phonetic vowel symbols. The symbols shown include those in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and added material. The chart is based on the official IPA vowel chart.