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Water conditioning: This is a method of reducing the effects of hard water. In water systems subject to heating hardness salts can be deposited as the decomposition of bicarbonate ions creates carbonate ions that precipitate out of solution.
It is a white, granular or crystalline solid, highly soluble in water, producing an alkaline solution. TSP is used as a cleaning agent, builder, lubricant, food additive, stain remover, and degreaser. [7] As an item of commerce TSP is often partially hydrated and may range from anhydrous Na 3 PO 4 to the dodecahydrate Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O. Most ...
Scale formation occurs when the concentration of dissolved salts in water exceeds their solubility limits, leading to the precipitation of these salts onto surfaces as hard deposits. Antiscalants dissolve the substances accumulated near the membrane surface and reduce the rate of fouling. [ 1 ]
Water purification combines a number of methods to produce potable or drinking water. Downstream processing refers to purification of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food ingredients produced by fermentation or synthesized by plant and animal tissues, for example antibiotics, citric acid, vitamin E, and insulin.
Ion exchange is a method widely used in household filters to produce soft water for the benefit of laundry detergents, soaps, and water heaters. This is accomplished by exchanging divalent cations (such as calcium Ca 2+ and magnesium Mg 2+ ) with highly soluble monovalent cations (e.g., Na + or H + ) (see water softening ).
A dense non-aqueous phase liquid or DNAPL is a denser-than-water NAPL, i.e. a liquid that is both denser than water and is immiscible in or does not dissolve in water. [1]The term DNAPL is used primarily by environmental engineers and hydrogeologists to describe contaminants in groundwater, surface water and sediments.
A 12% solution is widely used in waterworks for the chlorination of water, and a 15% solution is more commonly [39] used for disinfection of wastewater in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water, [ 40 ] taking 0.2–2 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter of water.
Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH 3 (aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a salt with the composition [NH + 4][OH −