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The British institutionalised caste into the workings of the major government institutions within India. The main benefactors of this indirect rule were the upper castes or forward castes, which maintained their hegemony and monopoly of control and influence over government institutes long after independence from the British.
The caste system consists of two different concepts, varna and jati, which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system. The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the rise of the British colonial government in India.
Each broad caste level is a hierarchical order that is based on notions of purity, non-purity and impurity. It uses the concepts of defilement to limit contacts between caste categories and to preserve the purity of the upper castes. These caste categories have been exclusionary, endogamous and the social identity inherited. [85]
The Scheduled Caste population in Pakistan is predominantly concentrated in the Sindh province and is considered to represent a substantial segment of the country's Hindu community. Although precise population figures vary due to differences in census data and demographic estimates, it is generally suggested that Scheduled Castes make up about ...
Khar has been married eight times. [11] One of Khar's marriages was to Tehmina Durrani, a Pakistani women's rights activist and author.Her first book, My Feudal Lord, released by Vanguard Books of Lahore in June 1991, caused controversy in Pakistan's society by describing her abusive and traumatic marriage to Ghulam Mustafa Khar.
The Thaheem (sometimes spelled "Thahim") is a historical tribe and surname present in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. [1] [2] They are a tribe of Jats and are considered a politically dominant caste in Sindh. [3]
The Shaikh caste were originally agricultural and can be found in the Faisalabad, Chiniot and Rawalpindi District regions of Punjab. However, in recent years, they have become urbanised and are involved in business and trade. The Punjabi Shaikh tribe are a wealthy but have a small population in the Punjab.
"Biraderi and Bureaucracy: The Politics of Muslim Kinship Solidarity in 20th Century Punjab," International Journal of Punjab Studies 1, no. 1. Peace, T., & Akhtar, P. (2015). Biraderi, bloc votes and bradford: Investigating the respect party's campaign strategy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 17(2), 224-243.