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In comparison, an evolutionarily stable state describes a population that returns as a whole to its previous composition even after being disturbed. [1] In short: the ESS refers to the strategy itself, uninterrupted and supported through natural selection, while the evolutionarily stable state refers more broadly to a population-wide balance of ...
Mutational robustness (also called mutation tolerance) describes the extent to which an organism's phenotype remains constant in spite of mutation. [9] Robustness can be empirically measured for several genomes [10] [11] and individual genes [12] by inducing mutations and measuring what proportion of mutants retain the same phenotype, function or fitness.
Evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced by John Maynard Smith and George R. Price in a 1973 Nature paper. [2] Such was the time taken in peer-reviewing the paper for Nature that this was preceded by a 1972 essay by Maynard Smith in a book of essays titled On Evolution. [1]
Cases of mutation bias are cited by mutationism advocates of the extended evolutionary synthesis who have argued that mutation bias is an entirely novel evolutionary principle. This viewpoint has been criticized by Erik Svensson. [ 74 ]
Like other mutation models, the ISM provides a basis for understanding how mutation develops new alleles in DNA sequences. Using allele frequencies, it allows for the calculation of heterozygosity , or genetic diversity , in a finite population and for the estimation of genetic distances between populations of interest.
The concept is extensively used in models of learning in populations, where "noise" is used to model experimentation or replacement of unsuccessful players with new players (random mutation). Over time, as the need for experimentation dies down or the population becomes stable, the population will converge towards a subset of evolutionarily ...
There are several assumptions. It assumes equal base frequencies (= = = =) and equal mutation rates. The only parameter of this model is therefore , the overall substitution rate. As previously mentioned, this variable becomes a constant when we normalize the mean-rate to 1.
Recurrent evolution also referred to as repeated [1] [2] or replicated [3] evolution is the repeated evolution of a particular trait, character, or mutation. [4] Most evolution is the result of drift, often interpreted as the random chance of some alleles being passed down to the next generation and others not.