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Abstract algebra emerged around the start of the 20th century, under the name modern algebra. Its study was part of the drive for more intellectual rigor in mathematics. Initially, the assumptions in classical algebra , on which the whole of mathematics (and major parts of the natural sciences ) depend, took the form of axiomatic systems .
The English translation of 1949–1950 had the title Modern algebra, though a later, extensively revised edition in 1970 had the title Algebra. The book was one of the first textbooks to use an abstract axiomatic approach to groups , rings , and fields , and was by far the most successful, becoming the standard reference for graduate algebra ...
A Survey of Modern Algebra (with Garrett Birkhoff). A K Peters. ISBN 1-56881-068-7; 1948, "Groups, categories and duality," Proceedings of the Nat. Acad. of Sciences of the USA 34: 263–67. 1963. MacLane, Saunders (October 1963). "Natural Associativity and Commutativity". Rice Institute Pamphlet - Rice University Studies. hdl:1911/62865. 1995 ...
Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which uses abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, to solve geometrical problems. Classically, it studies zeros of multivariate polynomials; the modern approach generalizes this in a few different aspects.
Title page of the first edition of Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, one of the founding works of modern algebraic number theory. Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations.
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
The exams are held in three mediums Sinhala, Tamil and English. The exam is the basic Certificate awarded in Sri Lanka as proof of completion of Secondary Education. The GCE O/L examination is an important milestone for students as it determines their eligibility to pursue further studies at the Advanced Level (A/L) or vocational training courses.