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Activity-based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective. [8] They initially focused on manufacturing industry where increasing technology and productivity improvements have reduced the relative proportion of the direct costs of ...
The specific functions and principles followed can vary based on the industry. Management accounting principles in banking are specialized but do have some common fundamental concepts used whether the industry is manufacturing-based or service-oriented. For example, transfer pricing is a concept used in manufacturing but is also applied in banking.
Activity-based costing (ABC) is a system for assigning costs to products based on the activities they require. In this case, activities are those regular actions performed inside a company. [8] "Talking with the customer regarding invoice questions" is an example of activity inside most companies.
Changes in activity are the only factors that affect costs. All units produced are sold (there is no ending finished goods inventory). When a company sells more than one type of product, the product mix (the ratio of each product to total sales) will remain constant. The components of CVP analysis are: Level or volume of activity. Unit selling ...
Activity-based costing establishes relationships between overhead costs and activities so that costs can be more precisely allocated to products, services, or customer segments. Activity-based management focuses on managing activities to reduce costs and improve customer value. Kaplan and Cooper [1] divide ABM into operational and strategic:
Flexible use of activity-based drivers (only where needed) based on specific, and restrictive rules; Value chain integration [11] of management accounting into operational systems; Use of fundamental operations transactions as the primary source for financial and quantitative data (rather than the general ledger);
Different countries have developed their own accounting principles over time, making international comparisons of companies difficult. To ensure uniformity and comparability between financial statements prepared by different companies, a set of guidelines and rules are used.
An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources. The resulting financial reports can be used internally by management or externally by other interested parties including investors , creditors and tax authorities.