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A critique of the base and superstructure theory is that property relations (supposedly part of the base and the driving force of history) are more properly situated in legal relations, an element of the superstructure. This suggests that the distinction between base and superstructure is incoherent, and undermines the theory as a whole.
Interactive proof, diagram checking, teacher/student models, labels with dynamic placeholders Geometry Expressions Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes (Interactive HTML5/JS Apps) Yes No Symbolic calculations, which can be copied as input for CAS, TeX, and source code in 21 formats/languages. Functions. Arcs on any function or curve.
G.A. Cohen argues in Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence that a society's superstructure stabilizes or entrenches its economic structure, but that the economic base is primary and the superstructure secondary. That said, it is precisely because the superstructure strongly affects the base that the base selects that superstructure.
In the context to structural analysis, a structure refers to a body or system of connected parts used to support a load. Important examples related to Civil Engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers; and in other branches of engineering, ship and aircraft frames, tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical systems, and electrical supporting structures are important.
For example, if T is the theory of abelian groups in the signature (+, 0), then the submodels of the group of integers (Z, +, 0) are the substructures which are also abelian groups. Thus the natural numbers ( N , +, 0) form a substructure of ( Z , +, 0) which is not a submodel, while the even numbers (2 Z , +, 0) form a submodel.
The computational complexity of Buchberger's algorithm is very difficult to estimate, because of the number of choices that may dramatically change the computation time. . Nevertheless, T. W. Dubé has proved [1] that the degrees of the elements of a reduced Gröbner basis are always bounded
[1]: 149 At the time, reinforced concrete was commonly used in bridge design [2] but the superstructure was designed with bearings on the substructure. [1]: 149 In concrete rigid-frame design, there are no bearings. Instead the superstructure is cast monolithically with the substructure and the entire bridge from deck to footing is continuous.
All bases associated with curvilinear coordinates are necessarily local. Basis vectors that are the same at all points are global bases, and can be associated only with linear or affine coordinate systems. For this article e is reserved for the standard basis (Cartesian) and h or b is for the curvilinear basis.