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The adhesion railway relies on a combination of friction and weight to start a train. The heaviest trains require the highest friction and the heaviest locomotive. The friction can vary a great deal, but it was known on early railways that sand helped, and it is still used today, even on locomotives with modern traction controls.
Hopton Incline, Cromford and High Peak Railway, England: This incline has only carried passengers, by adhesion, on enthusiast special trains, but is now completely closed. 1 in 14.1 (7.1%) Erzberg Railway (Erzbergbahn), Austria: Built as a rack railway, adhesion operation only by passenger railbuses, now only museum operation on part of the line.
The Pilatus Railway is the steepest rack railway in the world, with a maximum gradient of 48% and an average gradient of 35%. Functioning of the rack and pinion on the Strub system. A rack railway (also rack-and-pinion railway, cog railway, or cogwheel railway) is a steep grade railway with a toothed rack rail, usually between the running rails.
Where the line is too steep to rely on adhesion for climbing, a rack railway may be used, in which a toothed cog wheel engages with a toothed rack rail laid between the tracks. A now little used alternative to the rack and pinion railway is the Fell system, in which traction and/or braking wheel are applied to a central rail under pressure.
Slippery rail, or low railhead adhesion, [1] [2] [3] is a condition of railways (railroads) where contamination of the railhead reduces the traction between the wheel and the rail. This can lead to wheelslip when the train is taking power, and wheelslide when the train is braking.
Also Adhesion railway. The slightly conical section (often with a 1 in 20 slope) of a railroad wheel that is the primary contact point with the rail. [citation needed]
Reaching a height of 2,253 metres (7,392 ft) above sea level, it is the highest railway crossing in Europe and the third-highest railway in Switzerland. It also ranks as the highest adhesion railway of the continent, and—with inclines of up to 7%—as one of the steepest adhesion railways in the world. The elevation difference on the section ...
A rail adhesion car or rail adhesion train is a modified vehicle used on a rail adhesion system where the standard equipment does not have locomotives' rail sanding ability. In particular, it may involve tanks and dispensing equipment installed in an electric subway or rail car that is run over the rails alone or in a train to dispense sand ...