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Prepositional phrases are also placed beneath the word they modify; the preposition goes on a slanted line and the slanted line leads to a horizontal line on which the object of the preposition is placed. These basic diagramming conventions are augmented for other types of sentence structures, e.g. for coordination and subordinate clauses.
A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation, and a grammar that employs phrase structure rules is therefore a constituency grammar ; as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars , which are based on ...
Though the prototypical prepositional phrase consists of a noun phrase complement following a preposition, prepositions can take a wider variety of complements than just noun phrases. [ 14 ] : 603–606 English prepositions can also take clauses , adjective phrases , adverb phrases , and other prepositional phrases as complements, though they ...
The two diagrams thus disagree concerning the status of do, diagrams, show, and do these diagrams show us, the phrase structure diagram showing them as constituents and the dependency grammar diagram showing them as non-constituents. To determine which analysis is more plausible, one turns to the tests for constituents discussed above.
The following phrases show the phrase heads in bold. Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases): the house - Noun phrase (NP) very happy - Adjective phrase (AP) too slowly - Adverb phrase (AdvP) Examples of right-branching phrases (= head-initial phrases): laugh loudly - Verb phrase (VP) with luck - Prepositional phrase (PP)
Before the emergence of the X-bar theory, thus in the period between Chomsky (1957) [4] and Jackendoff (1977), [5] syntactic structures were represented based on phrase structure rules (PSR). The man studies linguistics enthusiastically. This sentence involves the following five PSRs: S → NP VP; NP → Det N (the man) NP → N (linguistics)
The predicate is a verb phrase that consists of more than one word. In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog , and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat .
The noun phrase the ship is the patient in both sentences, although it is the object in the first of the two and the subject in the second. The grammatical relations belong to the level of surface syntax, whereas the thematic relations reside on a deeper semantic level.