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The Ostrogothic Papacy period ran from 493 to 537. The papal election of March 483 was the first to take place without the existence of a Western Roman emperor. The papacy was strongly influenced by the Ostrogothic Kingdom, though the pope was not outright appointed by the Ostrogothic King.
San Pietro in Vincoli, the site of the papal election, 1061, the first to exclude the laity. Pope Nicholas II, elected in 1058, initiated a process of reform which exposed the underlying tension between empire and papacy.
The Papacy had the right to depose bishops; the French government still, since the Concordat of Bologna in 1516, nominated them. The state would pay clerical salaries and the clergy swore an oath of allegiance to the state. The Catholic Church gave up all its claims to Church lands that were confiscated after 1790.
In 1310, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII entered Italy, established the Visconti as vicars in Milan, and was crowned by Clement V's legates in Rome in 1312 before he died near Siena in 1313. [11] In Ferrara, which was taken into the Papal States to the exclusion of the Este family, papal armies clashed with the Republic of Venice and its populace.
As part of the Catholic Reformation, Pope Paul III (1534–1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which established the triumph of the papacy over those who sought to reconcile with Protestants or oppose papal claims. Protestant Reformers criticized the papacy as corrupt and characterized the pope as the antichrist.
The papacy had suffered a major loss of church lands through secularisations in the Holy Roman Empire following the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, when a number of German princes were compensated for their losses by the seizure of ecclesiastical property.
From the Middle Ages into the nineteenth century, the papacy held direct temporal power in the Papal States, and many titles of papal nobility were derived from fiefs with territorial privileges attached. During this time, the Pope also bestowed ancient civic titles such as patrician. Today, the Pope still exercises authority to grant titles ...
After the conciliatory papacy of Benedict XI (1303–04), Pope Clement V (1305–1314) became the next pontiff. He was born in Gascony, in southern France, but was not directly connected to the French court. He owed his election to the French clerics. He decided against moving to Rome and established his court in Avignon. In this situation of ...