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Artemia is a genus of aquatic crustaceans also known as brine shrimp or sea monkeys.It is the only genus in the family Artemiidae.The first historical record of the existence of Artemia dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from Lake Urmia, Iran, with an example called by an Iranian geographer an "aquatic dog", [2] although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings ...
In a study which assayed for the toxicity of kalkitoxin and various analogs against brine shrimp, the analogs which experienced the least significant loss of potency were epimers at either C8 or C10. [7] This indicates that C8 and C10 chiralities in natural (+)-kalkitoxin are the least critical for toxic biological activity.
The shrimp will remain just as tasty even ... The mix of these columns and salt deposits produces a brine four times as ... have adapted to life in the brine. For others, it remains highly toxic.
The initial small amount of crude extract has shown potent brine shrimp toxicity. The organism was cultured in the laboratory, producing ten g/l of biomass after six weeks. The compound was extracted using standard methods for lipid natural products, and the fractionation process was performed using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). [3]
Hoiamide C exhibits a LC 50 of 1.3 micromolar in brine shrimp toxicity assays. However, it does not disrupt spontaneous calcium ion oscillations. [3] Because ethanol is used in storage of biological material, it is possible that hoiamide C may be an extraction artifact of hoiamide D. [4]
Artemia is one of the standard organisms for testing the toxicity of chemicals [10] including screening for insecticidal activity – being used by Blizzard et al. 1989 to screen hundreds of semisynthetic avermectins, and by Conder et al. 1992 for the Streptomyces fumanus metabolite dioxapyrrolomycin. [11] In addition, the eggs survive for years.
A. parthenogenetica, as its specific name suggests, is an obligate parthenogenetic organism, one that reproduces without sexual reproduction. Like other brine shrimp, A. parthenogenetica produces cysts that are highly resistant to environmental changes, including large changes in temperature and salinity, and the stress of drying out and exposure to UV radiation. [7]
In plants, their accumulation can increase survival during stresses such as drought. In extreme cases, such as in bdelloid rotifers, tardigrades, brine shrimp, and nematodes, these molecules can allow cells to survive being completely dried out and let them enter a state of suspended animation called cryptobiosis. [3]