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In addition to measuring the pH of liquids, specially designed electrodes are available to measure the pH of semi-solid substances, such as foods. These have tips suitable for piercing semi-solids, have electrode materials compatible with ingredients in food, and are resistant to clogging. [7]
Buoyant weight (solids) Eudiometer, pneumatic trough (gases) Flow measurement devices (liquids) Graduated cylinder (liquids) Measuring cup (grained solids, liquids) Overflow trough (solids) Pipette (liquids) If the mass density of a solid is known, weighing allows to calculate the volume. For the ranges of volume-values see: Orders of magnitude ...
A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually or spectroscopically by changes in absorption and/or emission properties. [1] Hence, a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydrogen ions (H +) in the ...
A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibit various smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a solution. [1]
Due to the microprocessor control and a number of interfaces, automatic refractometers are able to communicate with computers or other measuring devices, e.g. density meters, pH meters or viscosity meters, to store refractive index data and density data (and other parameters) into one database.
Reference internal solution, usually 3.0 mol/L KCl. Junction with studied solution, usually made from ceramics or capillary with asbestos or quartz fiber. Body of electrode, made from non-conductive glass or plastics. The bottom of a pH electrode balloons out into a round thin glass bulb. The pH electrode is best thought of as a tube within a tube.
Add 2.84 mM of HCl to shift the buffer to 7.3 mM HPO 4 2− and 4.6 mM H 2 PO 4 − for a final pH of 7.4 and a Cl − concentration of 142 mM. The pH of PBS is ~7.4. When making buffer solutions, it is good practice to always measure the pH directly using a pH meter. If necessary, pH can be adjusted using hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
Commercial reference electrodes consist of a glass or plastic tube electrode body. The electrode consists of a metallic silver wire (Ag (s)) coated with a thin layer of silver chloride (AgCl), either physically by dipping the wire in molten silver chloride, chemically by electroplating the wire in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) [3] or electrochemically by oxidising the silver at an anode ...