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First page of the 1804 original edition of the Napoleonic Code. A code of law, also called a law code or legal code, is a systematic collection of statutes.It is a type of legislation that purports to exhaustively cover a complete system of laws or a particular area of law as it existed at the time the code was enacted, by a process of codification. [1]
The Black Codes, sometimes called the Black Laws, were laws which governed the conduct of African Americans (both free and freedmen).In 1832, James Kent wrote that "in most of the United States, there is a distinction in respect to political privileges, between free white persons and free colored persons of African blood; and in no part of the country do the latter, in point of fact ...
By contrast, a non-positive law title is a title that has not been codified into federal law, and is instead merely an editorial compilation of individually enacted federal statutes. [15] By law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are "prima facie evidence" [16] of the law in effect.
The history of codification dates back to ancient Babylon.The earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Ur-Nammu, written around 2100–2050 BC.The Corpus Juris Civilis, a codification of Roman law produced between 529 and 534 AD by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, forms the basis of civil law legal systems that would rule over Continental Europe.
The Codes form an important part of California law. However, they must be read in combination with the federal and state constitutions, federal and state case law, and the California Code of Regulations, in order to understand how they are actually interpreted and enforced in court.
Generally, only "Public Laws" are codified. The United States Code is divided into "titles" (based on overall topics) numbered 1 through 54. [24] Title 18, for example, contains many of the Federal criminal statutes. Title 26 is the Internal Revenue Code. [25] Even in code form, however, many statutes by their nature pertain to more than one topic.
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In contrast to English common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. [64] EU law is codified in treaties, but develops through de facto precedent laid down by the European Court of Justice. [65]