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  2. Oren–Nayar reflectance model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren–Nayar_reflectance_model

    This model for diffuse reflection was proposed by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1760 and has been perhaps the most widely used reflectance model in computer vision and graphics. For a large number of real-world surfaces, such as concrete, plaster, sand, etc., however, the Lambertian model is an inadequate approximation of the diffuse component.

  3. Reflective surfaces (climate engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_surfaces...

    Limited application of reflective surfaces can mitigate urban heat island effect. [3] Reflective surfaces can be used to change the albedo of agricultural and urban areas, noting that a 0.04-0.1 albedo change in urban and agricultural areas could potentially reduce global temperatures for overshooting 1.0 °C. [1]

  4. Lambertian reflectance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertian_reflectance

    Diagram of Lambertian diffuse reflection. The black arrow shows incident radiance, and the red arrows show the reflected radiant intensity in each direction. When viewed from various angles, the reflected radiant intensity and the apparent area of the surface both vary with the cosine of the viewing angle, so the reflected radiance (intensity per unit area) is the same from all viewing angles.

  5. List of refractive indices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refractive_indices

    Refraction, critical angle and total internal reflection of light at the interface between two media. List. Some representative refractive indices; Name of material

  6. Daylighting (architecture) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting_(architecture)

    Daylighting is the practice of placing windows, skylights, other openings, and reflective surfaces so that direct or indirect sunlight can provide effective internal lighting. Particular attention is given to daylighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use.

  7. Permeable paving - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeable_paving

    Permeable pavement surfaces may be composed of; pervious concrete, porous asphalt, paving stones, or interlocking pavers. [1] Unlike traditional impervious paving materials such as concrete and asphalt, permeable paving systems allow stormwater to percolate and infiltrate through the pavement and into the aggregate layers and/or soil below.

  8. Building insulation material - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_insulation_material

    Radiant barriers prevent radiant heat transfer equally in both directions. However, heat flow to and from surfaces also occurs via convection, which in some geometries is different in different directions. Reflective aluminum foil is the most common material used as a radiant barrier. It has no significant mass to absorb and retain heat.

  9. Diffuse reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_reflection

    A piece of highly polished white marble remains white; no amount of polishing will turn it into a mirror. Polishing produces some specular reflection, but the remaining light continues to be diffusely reflected. The most general mechanism by which a surface gives diffuse reflection does not involve exactly the surface: most of the light is ...