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Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating system, application software, or higher layer protocols. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.
Data communication, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer of data, transmitted and received over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires , optical fibers , wireless communication using radio spectrum , storage media and computer buses .
A data link is a means of connecting one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving digital information (data communication). It can also refer to a set of electronics assemblies, consisting of a transmitter and a receiver (two pieces of data terminal equipment ) and the interconnecting data telecommunication circuit .
Within the semantics of the OSI model, the physical layer translates logical communications requests from the data link layer into hardware-specific operations to cause transmission or reception of electronic (or other) signals. [5] [6] The physical layer supports higher layers responsible for generation of logical data packets.
UDP is a simple message-oriented transport layer protocol that is documented in RFC 768.Although UDP provides integrity verification (via checksum) of the header and payload, [4] it provides no guarantees to the upper layer protocol for message delivery and the UDP layer retains no state of UDP messages once sent.
In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. Flow control should be distinguished from congestion control , which is used for controlling the flow of data when congestion has actually occurred. [ 1 ]
The Basic Rate Interface, or BRI, is the standard last-mile connection in the ISDN system, offering two 64 kbit/s "bearer" lines and a single 16 kbit/s "data" channel for commands and data. Although ISDN was successful in a few countries such as Germany, on a global scale the system was largely ignored and garnered the industry nickname ...
The nature of communication, the actual data exchanged and any state-dependent behaviors, is defined by these specifications. In digital computing systems, the rules can be expressed by algorithms and data structures. Protocols are to communication what algorithms or programming languages are to computations. [3] [4]