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Parkinson and Morenz also speculate that written works of the Middle Kingdom were transcriptions of the oral literature of the Old Kingdom. [112] It is known that some oral poetry was preserved in later writing; for example, litter-bearers' songs were preserved as written verses in tomb inscriptions of the Old Kingdom.
It is generally taken to include the First Dynasty and the Second Dynasty, lasting from the end of the archaeological culture of Naqada III until c. 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. [2] With the First Dynasty, the Egyptian capital moved from Thinis to Memphis , with the unified land being ruled by an Egyptian god-king .
The first half of The Loyalist Teaching is found on a Twelfth-dynasty biographical stela at Abydos made in honor of Sehetepibre, [1] a high government official and seal-bearer who served under the Pharaohs Senusret III (r. 1878–1839 BC) and Amenemhat III (r. 1860–1814 BC; overlapping reign dates due to coregency). [3]
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt – a period when Ancient Egypt fell into disarray for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as the period when the Hyksos made their appearance in Egypt. This period of disunity comprises The Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Sobekneferu or Neferusobek (Ancient Egyptian: Sbk-nfrw meaning 'Beauty of Sobek') was the first confirmed queen regnant (or 'female king') of ancient Egypt and the last pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom.
Amenemhat I's Horus name, Wehemmesu, which means renaissance or rebirth, is an allusion to the Old Kingdom period, whose cultural icons and models (such as pyramidal tombs and Old Kingdom artistic motifs) were emulated by the Twelfth Dynasty kings after the end of the First Intermediate Period. The cult of the king was also promoted during this ...
Written during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, the text presents a long speech from a man named Kheti to his son, Pepi, on the merits of being a scribe. Kheti tells his son that he has seen "a man seized for his labor" and has witnessed commoners suffer from "violent beatings". Pepi is told he can avoid this by directing his heart to writing.
He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, [1] and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to rule at the height of the Middle Kingdom. [2] Consequently, he is regarded as one of the sources for the legend about Sesostris.