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The adjective feudal was in use by at least 1405, and the noun feudalism was in use by the end of the 18th century, [4] paralleling the French féodalité.. According to a classic definition by François Louis Ganshof (1944), [1] feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations of the warrior nobility that revolved around the key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs, [1 ...
All nobles, knights, and other tenants, known as vassals, merely "held" land from the king, who occupied the highest tier of the "feudal pyramid." Feudal land grants varied in duration: those granted indefinitely or heritably were classified as freehold, while fixed-term or non-heritable grants were considered non-freehold. Even freehold fiefs ...
Edo society was a feudal society with strict social stratification, customs, and regulations intended to promote political stability. The Emperor of Japan and the kuge were the official ruling class of Japan but had no power.
Dominus was the Latin title of the feudal, superior and mesne, lords, and also an ecclesiastical and academical title (equivalent of Lord) Vidame, a minor French aristocrat; Vavasour, also a petty French feudal lord; Seigneur or Lord of the manor rules a smaller local fief; Captal, archaic Gascon title equivalent to seigneur
The lower vassals would then hire the land to be cultivated by unfree farmers. There were no feudal relationships between farmers and the lower vassals. During the Middle Ages another structure developed in Germany, the so-called Heerschildordnung, a medieval feudal hierarchy: King (König) Ecclesiastical princes (Geistliche Fürsten)
Johan Huizinga observed that "Medieval political speculation is imbued to the marrow with the idea of a structure of society based upon distinct orders". [5] The virtually synonymous terms estate and order designated a great variety of social realities, not at all limited to a class, Huizinga concluded applying to every social function, every ...
The great chain of being is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God. The chain begins with God and descends through angels, humans, animals and plants to minerals. [1] [2] [3]
Like feudalism which, together with manorialism, formed the legal and organisational framework of feudal society, manorial structures were not uniform or coordinated. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development with changing economic conditions.