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Index inducer or just inducer predictably induce metabolism via a given pathway and are commonly used in prospective clinical drug-drug interaction studies. [2]Strong, moderate, and weak inducers are drugs that decreases the AUC of sensitive index substrates of a given metabolic pathway by ≥80%, ≥50% to <80%, and ≥20% to <50%, respectively.
Gene regulation works using operators and repressors in bacteria. Gene Regulation can be summarized by the response of the respective system: Inducible systems - An inducible system is off unless there is the presence of some molecule (called an inducer) that allows for gene expression. The molecule is said to "induce expression".
Example of a T-REx system controlling the expression of shRNA. Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation is a method of inducible gene expression where transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline or one of its derivatives (e.g. doxycycline).
Cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CISH gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] CISH orthologs [ 8 ] have been identified in most mammals with sequenced genomes. CISH controls T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, and variations of CISH with certain SNPs are associated with susceptibility to bacteremia ...
Activator binds to an inducer and the complex binds to the activation sequence and activates target gene. [2] Removing the inducer stops transcription. [2] Because a small inducer molecule is required, the increased expression of the target gene is called induction. [2] The lactose operon is one example of an inducible system. [2]
p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). The p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-CDK2, -CDK1, and -CDK4 /6 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at G 1 and S phase.
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), is a pro-apoptotic transcription factor that is encoded by the DDIT3 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of DNA-binding transcription factors. [ 6 ]
DDIT4 acts as a negative regulator of mTOR, [7] a serine/threonine kinase that regulates a variety of cellular functions such as growth, proliferation and autophagy. [8] In particular, upregulation of HIF-1 in response to hypoxia upregulates DDIT4, [5] leading to activation of Tsc1/2 via 14–3–3 shuttling [9] and subsequent downregulation of mTOR via Rheb. [10]