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Waffle slabs are preferred for spans greater than 40 feet (12 m), because, for a given mass of concrete, they are much stronger than flat slabs, flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs, one-way slabs, and one-way joist slabs. [2] Section of a waffle slab including beam, ribs, and column head
The LH- and DLH-Series have been designed for the purpose of extending the use of joists to spans and loads in excess of those covered by Open Web Steel Joists, K-Series. LH-Series Joists have been standardized in depths from 18 inches (460 mm) through 48 inches (1,200 mm), for spans through 96 feet (29,000 mm).
Between the joists, the area called a joist-bay, and above the ceiling in some old houses is material called pugging, which was used to deaden sound, insulate, and resist the spread of fire. A joist hanger. In platform framing, the joists may be connected to the rim joist with toenailing or by using a joist hanger. [5]
The result is wide spans and open floors. Portal frame structures can be constructed using a variety of materials and methods. These include steel, reinforced concrete and laminated timber such as glulam. First developed in the 1960s, they have become the most common form of enclosure for spans of 20 to 60 meters. [2]
In engineering, span is the distance between two adjacent structural supports (e.g., two piers) of a structural member (e.g., a beam). Span is measured in the horizontal direction either between the faces of the supports (clear span) or between the centers of the bearing surfaces (effective span): [1] A span can be closed by a solid beam or by ...
The Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) published the double tee load capacity calculation (load tables) for the first time in the PCI Design Handbook in 1971. The load tables use the code to identify double tee span type by using the width in feet, followed by "DT", followed by depth in inches, for example, 4DT14 is for 4-foot (1.2 m ...
The other (the suspended span) begins underneath the anchor span, and has its far end resting on the next pier. The beams have holes directly above each other. The two holes are connected using hangers, a pair of connecting plates sandwiching the bridge girders. A pair of large steel pins through the plates and girder webbing provide the hinges ...
A hanger support only exerts a force and prevents a member from acting or translating away in the direction of the hanger. However, this support cannot prevent translational movement in all directions and any rotational movement. [1] [5] This is one of the simplest structural forms in which the elements are in pure tension. Structures of this ...