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Diamine oxidase (DAO), also known "amine oxidase, copper-containing, 1" (AOC1), formerly called histaminase, [1] is an enzyme (EC 1.4.3.22) involved in the metabolism, oxidation, and inactivation of histamine and other polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine.
DAO is typically expressed in epithelial cells at the tip of the villus of the small intestine mucosa. [14] Reduced DAO activity is associated with gastrointestinal disorders and widespread food intolerances. This is due to an increase in histamine absorption through enterocytes, which increases histamine concentration in the bloodstream. [15]
DAO exists as a dimer, with each monomer containing both an FBD and SBD. Each monomer is composed of 347 amino acids in human DAO, though among other eukaryotes the protein can range from 345 to 368 amino acids long. [1] In human DAO, the two monomers are connected in a head-to-head fashion. [5]
Histamine intolerance is a presumed set of adverse reactions (such as flush, itching, rhinitis, etc.) to ingested histamine in food. The mainstream theory accepts that there may exist adverse reactions to ingested histamine, but does not recognize histamine intolerance as a separate medical condition that can be diagnosed. [1]
Histamine N-methyltransferase is encoded by a single gene, called HNMT, which has been mapped to chromosome 2 in humans. [5]Three transcript variants have been identified for this gene in humans, which produce different protein isoforms [6] [5] due to alternative splicing, which allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins by including or excluding particular exons of a gene in the final ...
In foods, it often is produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods that are fermented, cured, pickled, aged, or spoiled have high amounts of tyramine. Tyramine levels go up when foods are at room temperature or go past their freshness date. Specific foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include: [6 ...
They bind strongly to trypsin, blocking its active site and instantly forming a highly stable adduct and halting digestion of certain proteins. Trypsin, a serine protease, is responsible for cleaving the polypeptide backbone following arginine or lysine .
Benincasa hispida, the wax gourd, [4] [5] also called ash gourd, [6] white gourd, winter gourd, winter melon, tallow gourd, ash pumpkin, [6] Chinese preserving melon, [6] is a vine grown for its very large fruit, eaten as a vegetable when mature.