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The ryotwari system was known as "severality villages" and based on the system of peasant proprietorship. [10] The ryotwari (or ryotwary) tenure related to land revenue imposed on an individual or community owning an estate and occupied a position analogous to that of a landlord. The assessment was known as "zamindari". [11]
The Ryotwari system is associated with the name of Thomas Munro, who was appointed Governor of Madras in May 1820. [4] Subsequently, the Ryotwari system was extended to the Bombay area. [5] Munro gradually reduced the rate of taxation from one half to one third of the gross produce, even then an excessive tax. [6]
The land included under this system consisted of all land in the villages, including forestland, pastures etc. This system was prevalent in parts of the Gangetic Valley, Uttar Pradesh, the North Western province, parts of Central India and Punjab. [3] The other two systems were the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793 and the Ryotwari system ...
The system eventually spread all over northern India by a series of regulations dated 1 May 1793. These regulations remained in place until the Charter Act 1833. [1] The other two systems prevalent in India were the Ryotwari System and the Mahalwari System.
In 1911, zamindari estates covered 26 million acres (110,000 km 2) and occupied over one-fourth of the total area of the presidency. [1] In 1945-46, there were 20,945,456 acres (84,763.25 km 2 ) of Zamindari estates which yielded a revenue of 97,83,167 Rupees and 58,904,798 acres (238,379.26 km 2 ) of ryotwari lands which yielded a revenue of ...
Mehtab Chand (1820–79) (zamindar of the Burdwan Raj) as a young man, c. 1840–45 AD.. When Babur conquered North India, there were many autonomous and semiautonomous rulers who were known locally as Rai, Raja, Rana, Rao, Rawat, etc. while in the various Persian chronicles, they were referred to as zamindars and marzabans.
The land revenue assessment (the major source of revenue) was fixed permanently with zamindars, or hereditary revenue collectors. These native Indians, provided they paid their land taxes punctually, were treated as landowners, but they were deprived of magisterial and police functions, which were discharged by a newly organized government police.
Statue of Sir Thomas Munro who introduced the "Ryotwari System" in the Madras Presidency See also: List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency Revenue from land rental as well as an income tax based on the tenant's net profits from their land was the presidency's main source of income.