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Bases and acids are seen as chemical opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the hydronium (H 3 O +) concentration in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. A reaction between aqueous solutions of an acid and a base is called neutralization , producing a solution of water and a salt in which the salt separates into its ...
Solid acids are used in catalysis in many industrial chemical processes, from large-scale catalytic cracking in petroleum refining to the synthesis of various fine chemicals. [ 5 ] One large scale application is alkylation , e.g., the combination of benzene and ethylene to give ethylbenzene .
Although acid-base extractions are most commonly used to separate acids from bases, they can be used to separate two acids or two bases from each other. However, the acids and bases must differ greatly in strength, e.g. one strong acid and one very weak acid. [1] Therefore, the two acids must have a pK a (or pK b) difference that is as large as ...
The reaction of fatty acids with base is the other main method of saponification. In this case, the reaction involves neutralization of the carboxylic acid. The neutralization method is used to produce industrial soaps such as those derived from magnesium, the transition metals, and aluminium.
volume (acid) × concentration (H + ions from dissociation) = volume (base) × concentration (OH − ions) In general, for an acid AH n at concentration c 1 reacting with a base B(OH) m at concentration c 2 the volumes are related by: n v 1 c 1 = m v 2 c 2. An example of a base being neutralized by an acid is as follows. Ba(OH) 2 + 2 H + → Ba ...
In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.It can be used to determine pH via titration.Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base theories, for example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.
Non-aqueous acid–base titrations can be carried out advantageously by thermometric means. Acid leach solutions from some copper mines can contain large quantities of Fe(III) as well as Cu(II). The "free acid" (sulfuric acid) content of these leach solutions is a critical process parameter. While thermometric titrimetry can determine the free ...
Mineral acids range from superacids (such as perchloric acid) to very weak ones (such as boric acid). Mineral acids tend to be very soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents. Mineral acids are used in many sectors of the chemical industry as feedstocks for the synthesis of other chemicals, both organic and inorganic.