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Pulp necrosis is a clinical diagnostic category indicating the death of cells and tissues in the pulp chamber of a tooth with or without bacterial invasion. [1] It is often the result of many cases of dental trauma, caries and irreversible pulpitis.
Dental avulsion is a type of dental trauma, and the prevalence of dental trauma is estimated at 17.5% and varies with geographical area. [36] Although dental trauma is relatively low, dental avulsion is the fourth most prevalent type of dental trauma. [37] Dental avulsion is more prevalent in males than females.
Teeth may turn grey following trauma-induced pulp necrosis (death of the pulp). [2] This discoloration typically develops weeks or months after the injury and is caused by incorporation of pigments released during the breakdown of the pulpal tissue and blood into the dentin. [2]
Trauma to primary teeth occurs most commonly at the age of two to three years, during the development of motor coordination. [7] When primary teeth are injured, the resulting treatment prioritises the safety of the adult tooth, [7] and should avoid any risk of damaging the permanent successors. [8]
It has become an alternative to heal apical periodontitis. Regenerative endodontics is the extension of root canal therapy. Conventional root canal therapy cleans and fills the pulp chamber with biologically inert material after destruction of the pulp due to dental caries, congenital deformity or trauma.
After having patients describe in painful detail what caused their moral injury, therapists asked them to choose someone they saw as a compassionate moral authority and hold an imaginary conversation with that person, describing what happened and the shame they feel. They were then asked to verbalize the response, using their imagination.
More than 75% of tooth fractures occur in the upper jaw, with the majority affecting the anterior teeth—particularly the central incisors, followed by the lateral incisors and canines. This trend highlights the vulnerability of these teeth to trauma, often resulting in enamel infractions or more extensive fractures. [15]
The exact causes of pulp obliteration are unclear [2] but it typically occurs in response to dental trauma, [1] especially following luxation injuries involving displacement, particularly if a tooth is replanted after being completely avulsed (knocked out) [3] This response is common in this scenario and typically starts to occur several months ...