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For dense polynomials, such as the CRC-32 polynomial, computing the remainder a byte at a time produces equations where each bit depends on up to 8 bits of the previous iteration. In byte-parallel hardware implementations this calls for either 8-input or cascaded XOR gates which have substantial gate delay .
Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2007 — Bitfilters; Warren, Henry S. Jr. "Cyclic Redundancy Check" (PDF). Hacker's Delight. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2015. — theory, practice, hardware, and software with emphasis on CRC-32. Reverse-Engineering a CRC Algorithm Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Note that is equivalent to zero in the above equation because addition of coefficients is performed modulo 2: = + = (+) = (). Polynomial addition modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR. Since XOR is the inverse of itself, polynominal subtraction modulo 2 is the same as bitwise XOR too.
The equivalent circuit model (ECM) is a common lumped-element model for Lithium-ion battery cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The ECM simulates the terminal voltage dynamics of a Li-ion cell through an equivalent electrical network composed passive elements, such as resistors and capacitors , and a voltage generator .
For example, consider a battery with a capacity of 200 Ah at the C 20 rate (C 20 means the 20-hour rate – i.e. the rate that will fully discharge the battery in 20 hours – which in this case is 10 A). If this battery is discharged at 10 A, it will last 20 hours, giving the rated capacity of 200 Ah.
Depth of discharge (DoD) is an important parameter appearing in the context of rechargeable battery operation. Two non-identical definitions can be found in commercial and scientific sources. The depth of discharge is defined as: the maximum fraction of a battery's capacity (given in Ah) which is removed from the charged battery on a regular basis.
cksum is a command in Unix and Unix-like operating systems that generates a checksum value for a file or stream of data. The cksum command reads each file given in its arguments, or standard input if no arguments are provided, and outputs the file's 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum and byte count. [1]
Randles circuit schematic. In electrochemistry, a Randles circuit is an equivalent electrical circuit that consists of an active electrolyte resistance R S in series with the parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance C dl and an impedance (Z w) of a faradaic reaction.