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Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from using a ground source heat pump instead of a high-efficiency furnace in a detached residence (assuming no specific supply of renewable energy) Country Electricity CO 2 Emissions Intensity GHG savings relative to natural gas heating oil electric heating; Canada: 223 ton/GWh [36] [37] [38] 2.7 ton/yr: 5.3 ...
A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location. The temperature spatial gradient is a vector quantity with dimension of temperature difference per unit length.
1.938: Zinc [3] solid: 0.387: 25.2: 2.76: 3.03 R: Substance Phase Isobaric mass heat capacity c P J⋅g −1 ⋅K −1 Isobaric molar heat capacity C P,m J⋅mol −1 ⋅K −1 Isochore molar heat capacity C V,m J⋅mol −1 ⋅K −1 Isobaric volumetric heat capacity C P,v J⋅cm −3 ⋅K −1 Isochore atom-molar heat capacity in units of R C ...
1 Light air 1–3 knots 1–3 mph 1–5 km/h 0.3–1.5 m/s 0–1 ft 0–0.3 m Ripples with appearance of scales are formed, without foam crests Direction shown by smoke drift but not by wind vanes 2 Light breeze 4–6 knots 4–7 mph 6–11 km/h 1.6–3.3 m/s 1–2 ft 0.3–0.6 m
The COP usually exceeds 1, especially in heat pumps, because instead of just converting work to heat (which, if 100% efficient, would be a COP of 1), it pumps additional heat from a heat source to where the heat is required. Most air conditioners have a COP of 3.5 to 5. [3]
The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW) [1] and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial heat left over from the formation of Earth. [2] Earth's internal heat travels along ...
The former process is often called "forced convection." In this case, the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan, or other mechanical means. Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid or gas). It is the transfer of energy by means of photons or electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws. [1]
is the outgoing heat transfer from the area d ω {\displaystyle d\omega } is the solid angle subtended by the infinitesimal 'target' (or 'aperture') area d A a {\displaystyle dA_{a}} θ {\displaystyle \theta } is the angle between the source area normal vector and the line-of-sight between the source and the target areas.