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Regulation of inorganic phosphate within the cellular system. The Phosphate (Pho) regulon is a regulatory mechanism used for the conservation and management of inorganic phosphate within the cell. It was first discovered in Escherichia coli as an operating system for the bacterial strain, and was later identified in other species. [1]
A ball and stick model of a phosphate anion. In biochemistry, a phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol. Because a phosphatase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of its substrate, it is a subcategory of hydrolases. [1]
It is diagnosed based on a blood phosphate concentration of less than 0.81 mmol/L (2.5 mg/dL). [1] When levels are below 0.32 mmol/L (1.0 mg/dL) it is deemed to be severe. [2] Treatment depends on the underlying cause. [1] Phosphate may be given by mouth or by injection into a vein. [1]
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. [1] This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology. [2] Protein phosphorylation often activates (or deactivates) many enzymes. [3] [4]
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid, a.k.a. phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4. The phosphate or orthophosphate ion [PO 4] 3− is derived from phosphoric acid by the removal of three protons H +.
Dephosphorylation involves removal of the phosphate group through a hydration reaction by addition of a molecule of water and release of the original phosphate group, regenerating the hydroxyl. Both processes are reversible and either mechanism can be used to activate or deactivate a protein.
Regulation of HIV-1 transcription by Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1). It has been recognized that protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) serves as an important regulator of HIV-1 transcription. Researchers at Howard University showed that Tat protein targets PP1 to the nucleus and the consequent interaction is important for HIV-1 transcription. [16]
Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or otherwise modifying its ...