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Lipopolysaccharides can have substantial impacts on human health, primarily through interactions with the immune system. LPS is a potent activator of the immune system and is a pyrogen (agent that causes fever). [4] In severe cases, LPS can trigger a brisk host response and multiple types of acute organ failure [5] which can lead to septic ...
CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14) is a human protein made mostly by macrophages as part of the innate immune system. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It helps to detect bacteria in the body by binding lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP).
Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LBP gene. [5] [6]LBP is a soluble acute-phase protein that binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (or LPS) to elicit immune responses by presenting the LPS to important cell surface pattern recognition receptors called CD14 and TLR4.
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue lies throughout the intestine, covering an area of approximately 260–300 m 2. [5] In order to increase the surface area for absorption, the intestinal mucosa is made up of finger-like projections (), covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which separates the GALT from the lumen intestine and its contents.
A large number of immune system cells in the intestines are found in dome-like structures called Peyer’s patches and in small mucosal lymphoid aggregates called cryptopatches. [14] Above the Peyer’s patches is a layer of epithelial cells, which together with the mucus form a barrier against microbial invasion into the underlying tissue ...
Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
Lipopolysaccharide, or LPS, is the major pathogenic factor on the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria has a similar component named Lipoteichoic acid, or LTA. HDL has the ability to bind LPS and LTA, creating HDL-LPS complexes to neutralize the harmful effects in the body and clear the LPS from the body. [9]
B. fragilis is an aerotolerant, anaerobic chemoorganotroph capable of fermenting a wide variety of glycans available in the human gut microenvironment including glucose, sucrose, and fructose. B. fragilis can also catabolize a variety of biopolymers, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins into smaller molecules which can then be used and further ...