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Example Bjerrum plot: Change in carbonate system of seawater from ocean acidification.. A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) [1] is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, [2] when the solution is at ...
Predominance diagram for chromate. A predominance diagram purports to show the conditions of concentration and pH where a chemical species has the highest concentration in solutions in which there are multiple acid-base equilibria. [1] The lines on a predominance diagram indicate where adjacent species have the same concentration.
Pourbaix diagram of iron. [1] The Y axis corresponds to voltage potential. In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E H –pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system.
Sodium hydroxide can form several hydrates NaOH·nH 2 O, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by Spencer Umfreville Pickering in 1893. [18] The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their saturated water solutions are: [ 13 ]
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
For example, at 25 °C the pH of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acid). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pH -dependent speciation of CO 2 . Vapor pressure of solid and liquid
Aqueous carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid which is very unstable and will dissociate rapidly into hydronium and bicarbonate. Therefore, in seawater, dissolved inorganic carbon is commonly referred to as the collection of bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and dissolved carbon dioxide (CO 2, H 2 CO 3, HCO − 3, CO 2− 3).
A Piper diagram is a graphic procedure proposed by Arthur M. Piper in 1944 for presenting water chemistry data to help in understanding the sources of the dissolved constituent salts in water. This procedure is based on the premise that cations and anions in water are in such amounts to assure the electroneutrality of the dissolved salts, in ...