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The Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations succeeded the Caisse de garantie et d'amortissement, created by Napoleon and liquidated in 1816 following his demise. It was the brainchild of Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto, Finance Minister under King Louis XVIII, in a context of government debt distress in the aftermath of the Hundred Days turmoil of 1815 and of Louis XVIII's distrust of the Bank of France ...
The Directive Principles of State Policy of India are the guidelines to be followed by the government of India for the governance of the country. They are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down there are considered "Fundamental" in the governance of the country, which makes it the duty of the State [1] to apply these principles in making laws to establish a just society in ...
The municipal police do not generally carry firearms. At the request of the mayor, the prefect of the department in which the commune or municipality is located may authorise municipal police officers to be armed in certain circumstances or for special night work. In some cities, all municipal police officers are permanently armed.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 30 January 2025. Higher-education institution in Paris Paris Institute of Political Studies Institut d'études politiques de Paris (French) Latin: Institutum Scientiarum Politicarum Parisiense Other name Sciences Po Former name École libre des sciences politiques Motto French: Aux racines de l'avenir ...
Bpifrance also known as the Banque publique d'investissement (lit. ' [French] Public Investment Bank ') is a French public sector investment bank.It is a joint venture of two state owned enterprises: the Caisse des dépôts et consignations and EPIC BPI-Groupe (formerly EPIC OSEO).
The Directorate-General for External Security (French: Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure, pronounced [diʁɛksjɔ̃ ʒeneʁal də la sekyʁite ɛksteʁjœʁ], DGSE) is France's foreign intelligence agency, equivalent to the British MI6 and the American CIA, established on 2 April 1982. [3]
Wim Duisenberg, first President of the ECB. The European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). [7] The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). [7]
EPIC BPI-Groupe (BPI is the acronym of Banque Publique d'Investissement) is a French government agency, previously known as EPIC OSEO.In 2013, the French government reorganized their sovereign funds.