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The equilibrium constant for the protonation of a base, B, + H + ⇌ + is an association constant, K b, which is simply related to the dissociation constant of the conjugate acid, BH +. = The value of is ca. 14 at 25 °C. This approximation can be used when the correct value is not known.
Express each concentration value as the ratio c/c 0, where c 0 is the concentration in a [hypothetical] standard state, with a numerical value of 1, by definition. [19] Express the concentrations on the mole fraction scale. Since mole fraction has no dimension, the quotient of concentrations will, by definition, be a pure number.
When the concentration of acid rises above 62.5% the freezing-point increases, reaching 21°C by 85% H 3 PO 4 (w/w; the monohydrate). Beyond this the phase diagram becomes complicated, with significant local maxima and minima. For this reason phosphoric acid is rarely sold above 85%, as beyond this adding or removing small amounts of moisture ...
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...
In general, for an acid AH n at concentration c 1 reacting with a base B(OH) m at concentration c 2 the volumes are related by: n v 1 c 1 = m v 2 c 2. An example of a base being neutralized by an acid is as follows. Ba(OH) 2 + 2 H + → Ba 2+ + 2 H 2 O. The same equation relating the concentrations of acid and base applies.
The concentration of water, [H 2 O], is omitted by convention, which means that the value of K w differs from the value of K eq that would be computed using that concentration. The value of K w varies with temperature, as shown in the table below. This variation must be taken into account when making precise measurements of quantities such as pH.
Here, 1 / f eq can have a fractional (non-integer) value. In precipitation reactions, the equivalence factor measures the number of ions which will precipitate in a given reaction. Here, 1 / f eq is an integer value. Normal concentration of an ionic solution is also related to conductivity (electrolytic) through the use of ...
The value of the equilibrium constant for the formation of a 1:1 complex, such as a host-guest species, may be calculated with a dedicated spreadsheet application, Bindfit: [4] In this case step 2 can be performed with a non-iterative procedure and the pre-programmed routine Solver can be used for step 3.