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In physics problems it may be the case that =, meaning the integrand is a function of () and ′ but does not appear separately. In that case, the Euler–Lagrange equation can be simplified to the Beltrami identity [ 16 ] L − f ′ ∂ L ∂ f ′ = C , {\displaystyle L-f'{\frac {\partial L}{\partial f'}}=C\,,} where C {\displaystyle C} is a ...
In quantum mechanics, the variational method is one way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state, and some excited states. This allows calculating approximate wavefunctions such as molecular orbitals. [1] The basis for this method is the variational principle. [2] [3]
For example, the problem of determining the shape of a hanging chain suspended at both ends—a catenary—can be solved using variational calculus, and in this case, the variational principle is the following: The solution is a function that minimizes the gravitational potential energy of the chain.
Hilbert's twentieth problem; History of variational principles in physics; Homicidal chauffeur problem; ... Saint-Venant's theorem; Signorini problem;
In physics, Hamilton's principle is William Rowan Hamilton's formulation of the principle of stationary action.It states that the dynamics of a physical system are determined by a variational problem for a functional based on a single function, the Lagrangian, which may contain all physical information concerning the system and the forces acting on it.
The variational theorem states that for a time-independent Hamiltonian operator, any trial wave function will have an energy expectation value that is greater than or equal to the true ground-state wave function corresponding to the given Hamiltonian. Because of this, the Hartree–Fock energy is an upper bound to the true ground-state energy ...
The Euler–Lagrange equation was developed in connection with their studies of the tautochrone problem. The Euler–Lagrange equation was developed in the 1750s by Euler and Lagrange in connection with their studies of the tautochrone problem. This is the problem of determining a curve on which a weighted particle will fall to a fixed point in ...
More precisely, geometrical optics is a variational problem where the “action” is the travel time along a path, = where is the medium's index of refraction and is an infinitesimal arc length. From the above formulation, one can compute the ray paths using the Euler–Lagrange formulation; alternatively, one can compute the wave fronts by ...