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A horizontal espalier Free-standing espaliered fruit trees (step-over) at Standen, West Sussex.The trees are used to create a fruit border or low hedge.. Espalier (/ ɪ ˈ s p æ l ɪər / or / ɪ ˈ s p æ l i. eɪ /) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit, by pruning and tying branches to a frame.
Tree shaping (also known by several other alternative names) uses living trees and other woody plants as the medium to create structures and art. There are a few different methods [2] used by the various artists to shape their trees, which share a common heritage with other artistic horticultural and agricultural practices, such as pleaching, bonsai, espalier, and topiary, and employing some ...
Instant tree shaping [3] [2] [15] is a widely used method. [3] It uses mature trees, perhaps 6–12 ft. (2–3.5 m) long [5] [4]: 196 and 3-4in (7.6–10 cm) in trunk diameter. [5] [4]: 172 An instantaneous form is created by bending, weaving and sometimes cutting or marking the trees into the desired shape. Then the shaping is held in place ...
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, [1] whether geometric or fanciful. The term also refers to plants which have been shaped in this way. As an art form it is a type of living sculpture.
Although there are several different types of pruning they can be simplified into two categories. One of which is cutting the branch back to a specific and intermediate point, called reduction cut, and the other completely removes a branch back to the union where the branch connects which the main trunk, called removal cut. [5]
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Some trees, such as linden, may produce a line of coppice shoots from a fallen trunk, and sometimes these develop into a line of mature trees. For some trees, such as the common beech ( Fagus sylvatica ), coppicing is more or less easy depending on the altitude: it is much more efficient for trees in the montane zone .
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