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A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene functional group. [1] The general chemical formula of the halogen addition reaction is: C=C + X 2 → X−C−C−X (X represents the halogens bromine or chlorine, and in this case, a solvent could be CH 2 ...
Chemical pulping involves dissolving lignin in order to extract the cellulose from the wood fiber. The different processes of chemical pulping include the Kraft process, which uses caustic soda and sodium sulfide and is the most common; alternatively, the use of sulfurous acid is known as the sulfite process, the neutral sulfite semichemical is treated as a third process separate from sulfite ...
Chlorine is a chemical element; it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature.
When such reactions are conducted in the presence of sodium azide, the iodo-azide RCH(I)–CH(N 3)R′ is obtained. [5] The Wijs solution, iodine monochloride dissolved in acetic acid, is used to determine the iodine value of a substance. It can also be used to prepare iodates, by reaction with a chlorate. Chlorine is released as a byproduct.
The earliest method of synthesis was to treat mercury(II) oxide with chlorine gas. [3] However, this method is expensive, as well as highly dangerous due to the risk of mercury poisoning. 2 Cl 2 + HgO → HgCl 2 + Cl 2 O. A safer and more convenient method of production is the reaction of chlorine gas with hydrated sodium carbonate at 20–30 ...
Inorganic chloramines are produced by the reaction of ammonia and hypochlorous acid or chlorine. An urban legend claims that mixing household bleach (aqueous sodium hypochlorite) with ammonia-based cleaners releases chlorine gas or mustard gas; in reality, the gas produced by the reaction is a mixture of inorganic chloramines.
In water, chloramine is pH-neutral. It is an oxidizing agent (acidic solution: E° = +1.48 V, in basic solution E° = +0.81 V): [5] NH 2 Cl + 2 H + + 2 e − → NH + 4 + Cl −. Reactions of chloramine include radical, nucleophilic, and electrophilic substitution of chlorine, electrophilic substitution of hydrogen, and oxidative additions.
Photochlorination is a chlorination reaction that is initiated by light. Usually a C-H bond is converted to a C-Cl bond. Photochlorination is carried out on an industrial scale. The process is exothermic and proceeds as a chain reaction initiated by the homolytic cleavage of molecular chlorine into chlorine radicals by ultraviolet radiation ...