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At the triple junction each of the three boundaries will be one of three types – a ridge (R), trench (T) or transform fault (F) – and triple junctions can be described according to the types of plate margin that meet at them (e.g. fault–fault–trench, ridge–ridge–ridge, or abbreviated F-F-T, R-R-R).
The subduction of bathymetric highs such as aseismic ridges, oceanic plateaus, and seamounts has been posited as the primary driver of flat slab subduction. [3] The Andean flat slab subduction zones, the Peruvian slab and the Pampean (Chilean) flat slab, are spatially correlated with the subduction of bathymetric highs, the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernandéz Ridge, respectively.
Subduction zones are marked by oceanic trenches. The descending end of the oceanic plate melts and creates pressure in the mantle , causing volcanoes to form. Back-arc basins can form from extension in the overriding plate, in response to the displacement of the subducting slab at some oceanic trenches .
The forearc is the region between the trench and the volcanic arc. A forearc is a region in a subduction zone between an oceanic trench and the associated volcanic arc . Forearc regions are present along convergent margins and eponymously form 'in front of' the volcanic arcs that are characteristic of convergent plate margins.
[11] [12] Marianas Trench is an example of a deep slab, thereby creating the deepest trench in the world established by a steep slab angle. [13] Slab breakoff occurs during a collision between oceanic and continental lithosphere, [14] allowing for a slab tear; an example of slab breakoff occurs within the Himalayan subduction zone. [4]
The Aleutian Trench, of the southern coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, where the North American plate overrides the Pacific plate, has generated many major earthquakes throughout history, several of which generated Pacific-wide tsunamis, [22] including the 1964 Alaska earthquake; at magnitude 9.1–9.2, it remains the largest recorded ...
The Aleutian Trench (or Aleutian Trough) [1] is an oceanic trench along a convergent plate boundary which runs along the southern coastline of Alaska and the Aleutian islands. The trench extends for 3,400 kilometres (2,100 mi) from a triple junction in the west with the Ulakhan Fault and the northern end of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench , to a ...
The left-over ridge may either subduct or ride upward across the trench onto arc trench gap and arc terranes as a hot ophiolite slice. [8] A potential example is the progressive diminution of the Farallon plate off California. Ophiolite obduction would not be expected as the two plates share a dextral transform boundary.