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Helleborus net necrosis virus (HeNNV), also known as Hellebore black death, is an RNA virus that can cause serious disease in Hellebore plants by stunting or deforming the plant as it grows. The disease marks the leaves of the hellebores with black streaks, often following the veins of the leaf, and creating ring patterns.
Black hellebore was used by the ancients to treat insanity, melancholy, gout and epilepsy. [14] It is also toxic, causing tinnitus , vertigo , stupor, thirst, a feeling of suffocation, swelling of the tongue and throat, emesis and catharsis , bradycardia (slowing of the pulse ), and finally collapse and death from cardiac arrest . [ 12 ]
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as 50 million people [2] perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. [3] The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas and through the air.
The Black Death, one of history’s deadliest pandemics, ravaged Europe from 1347 to 1351. Caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and primarily spread by fleas on rats, the plague also swept ...
Veratrum nigrum, the black false hellebore, [2] [3] is a widespread Eurasian species of perennial flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. [1] [4] Despite its common name, V. nigrum is not closely related to the true hellebores, nor does it resemble them. The plant was widely known even in ancient times.
One of the worst plagues in history, the Black Death arrived on the shores of Europe in 1347. Five years later, around 25 to 50 million people were dead across the continent.
Theories of the Black Death are a variety of explanations that have been advanced to explain the nature and transmission of the Black Death (1347–51). A number of epidemiologists from the 1980s to the 2000s challenged the traditional view that the Black Death was caused by plague based on the type and spread of the disease.
Figures for the death toll vary widely by area and from source to source, and estimates are frequently revised as historical research brings new discoveries to light. Most scholars estimate that the Black Death killed up to 75 million people [5] in the 14th century, at a time when the entire world population was still less than 500 million.