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In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. [1] The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons .
Elementary particles are classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin. All the particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, including the Higgs boson in 2012. [2] [3] Many other hypothetical elementary particles, such as the graviton, have been proposed, but not ...
English: Standard model of elementary particles: the 12 fundamental fermions and 5 fundamental bosons. Brown loops indicate which bosons (red) couple to which fermions (purple and green). Please note that the masses of certain particles are subject to periodic reevaluation by the scientific community.
Mathematical consistency of the Standard Model requires that any mechanism capable of generating the masses of elementary particles must become visible [clarification needed] at energies above 1.4 TeV; [45] therefore, the LHC (designed to collide two 7 TeV proton beams) was built to answer the question of whether the Higgs boson actually exists ...
Some extensions such as supersymmetry predict additional elementary particles with spin 3/2, but none have been discovered as of 2023. Due to the laws for spin of composite particles, the baryons (3 quarks) have spin either 1/2 or 3/2 and are therefore fermions; the mesons (2 quarks) have integer spin of either 0 or 1 and are therefore bosons.
The set of particles believed today to be elementary is known as the Standard Model and includes quarks, bosons and leptons. The term " subnuclear zoo " was coined or popularized by Robert Oppenheimer in 1956 at the VI Rochester International Conference on High Energy Physics .
The pattern of weak isospin T 3, weak hypercharge Y W, and color charge of all known elementary particles, rotated by the weak mixing angle to show electric charge Q, roughly along the vertical. The neutral Higgs field (gray square) breaks the electroweak symmetry and interacts with other particles to give them mass.
All known elementary particles, including quarks, have charges that are integer multiples of 1 / 3 e. Therefore, the "quantum of charge" is 1 / 3 e. In this case, one says that the "elementary charge" is three times as large as the "quantum of charge". On the other hand, all isolatable particles have charges that are integer ...