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The critical engine of a multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft is the engine that, in the event of failure, would most adversely affect the performance or handling abilities of an aircraft. On propeller aircraft, there is a difference in the remaining yawing moments after failure of the left or the right (outboard) engine when all propellers rotate ...
When an engine on a multi-engine aircraft fails, the thrust distribution on the aircraft becomes asymmetrical, resulting in a yawing moment in the direction of the failed engine. [6] A sideslip develops, causing the total drag of the aircraft to increase considerably, resulting in a drop in the aircraft's rate of climb. [7]
P-Factor therefore determines which engine is critical engine. [6] For most aircraft (which have clockwise rotating propellers), the left engine is the critical engine. For aircraft with counter-rotating propellers (i.e. not rotating in the same direction) the P-factor moments are equal and both engines are considered equally critical. Fig. 1.
Counter-rotating propellers generally turn clockwise on the left engine and counterclockwise on the right. The advantage of such designs is that counter-rotating propellers balance the effects of torque and P-factor, meaning that such aircraft do not have a critical engine in the case of engine failure.
ETOPS approval is a two-step process. First, the airframe and engine combination must satisfy the basic ETOPS requirements during its type certification. This is called "ETOPS type approval". Such tests may include shutting down an engine and flying the remaining engine during the complete diversion time.
The Piper PA-34 Seneca is a twin-engined light aircraft, produced in the United States by Piper Aircraft.It has been in non-continuous production since 1971. [4] [5] [6] The Seneca is primarily used for personal and business flying [1] as well as multi-engine class rating flight training.
This category lists multi-engine passenger airline accidents involving loss of all engines in flight and subsequent gliding flight. Causes of these rare situations have included fuel exhaustion or starvation, multiple bird strikes, volcanic ash, extreme weather and hijacking.
The ASI in multi-engine aircraft includes two additional radial markings, one red and one blue, associated with potential engine failure. The radial red line near the bottom of green arc indicates V mc , the minimum indicated airspeed at which the aircraft can be controlled with the critical engine inoperative.