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If an ISP deploys a CGN and uses private Internet address space [2] (networks 10.0.0.0 / 8, 172.16.0.0 / 12, 192.168.0.0 / 16) to connect their customers, there is a risk that customer equipment using an internal network in the same range will stop working.
A wildcard mask is a mask of bits that indicates which parts of an IP address are available for examination. In the Cisco IOS, [1] they are used in several places, for example:
This means that 256 /8 address blocks fit into the entire IPv4 space. As IPv4 address exhaustion has advanced to its final stages, some organizations, such as Stanford University, formerly using 36.0.0.0 / 8, have returned their allocated blocks (in this case to APNIC) to assist in the delay of the exhaustion date.
16 777 216: Host Used for loopback addresses to the local host [1] 169.254.0.0/16 169.254.0.0–169.254.255.255 65 536: Subnet Used for link-local addresses [5] between two hosts on a single link when no IP address is otherwise specified, such as would have normally been retrieved from a DHCP server 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255 1 ...
ffx1::/16: Interface-local Packets with this destination address may not be sent over any network link, but must remain within the current node; this is the multicast equivalent of the unicast loopback address. ffx2::/16: 224.0.0.0/24: Link-local Packets with this destination address may not be routed anywhere. ffx3::/16: 239.255.0.0/16: Realm ...
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has reserved the IPv4 address block 169.254.0.0 / 16 (169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255) for link-local addressing. [1] The entire range may be used for this purpose, except for the first 256 and last 256 addresses (169.254.0.0 / 24 and 169.254.255.0 / 24), which are reserved for future use and must not be selected by a host using this dynamic ...
However, this does not mean that every address ending in 0 or 255 cannot be used as a host address. For example, in the / 16 subnet 192.168.0.0 / 255.255.0.0, which is equivalent to the address range 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255, the broadcast address is 192.168.255.255.
There is an exception to this rule for 31-bit subnet masks, [11] which means the host identifier is only one bit long for two permissible addresses. In such networks, usually point-to-point links , only two hosts (the endpoints) may be connected and a specification of network and broadcast addresses is not necessary.