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Hypoxic hypoxia – Limited oxygen in the environment causes reduced brain function. Divers, aviators, [ 24 ] mountain climbers, and fire fighters are all at risk for this kind of cerebral hypoxia. The term also includes oxygen deprivation due to obstructions in the lungs.
Other causes associated with brain hypoxia include drowning, strangling, choking, cardiac arrest, head trauma, and complications during general anesthesia. Treatment strategies for brain hypoxia vary depending on the original cause of injury, primary and/or secondary. [22]
Prolonged hypoxia induces neuronal cell death via apoptosis, resulting in a hypoxic brain injury. [34] [35] Oxygen deprivation can be hypoxic (reduced general oxygen availability) or ischemic (oxygen deprivation due to a disruption in blood flow) in origin. Brain injury as a result of oxygen deprivation is generally termed hypoxic injury.
Hypoxia refers to deficiency of oxygen, Ischemia refers to restriction in blood flow to the brain. The result is “encephalopathy” which refers to damaged brain cells. Encephalopathy is a nonspecific response of the brain to injury which may occur via multiple methods, but is commonly caused by birth asphyxia, leading to cerebral hypoxia. [2 ...
Normally, the Na+/K+-ATPase pump maintains the transmembrane gradients of K + and Na + ions, but with anoxic brain injury, the supply of energy to drive this pump is lost. [2] The hallmarks of anoxic depolarization are increased concentrations of extracellular K + ions, intracellular Na + and Ca 2+ ions, and extracellular glutamate and aspartate.
In more severe instances, global hypoxia-ischemia causes widespread brain injury leading to a severe cognitive sequelae called hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. [37] An ischemic cascade occurs where an energetic molecular problem arises due to lack of oxygen and nutrients.
Brain: Intoxication upends brain functioning, impacting balance, executive functioning, and deep REM sleep, according to Dr. Kley. "Long-term use can damage neurons, leading to brain shrinkage and ...
Headaches and pain can occur as a result of a brain injury, either directly from the damage or due to neurological conditions stemming from the injury. Due to the changes in the brain as well as the issues associated with the change in physical and mental capacity, depression and low self-esteem are common side effects that can be treated with ...