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Combined intracavernous injection and stimulation test or CIS test is the most commonly performed office diagnostic procedure for erectile dysfunction. It consists of an intracavernosal injection , visual or manual sexual stimulation , and a rating of the subsequent erection .
This test is intended for the assessment of sexual dysfunctions in psychiatric patients and people with health problems (men and women). It particularly evaluates modifications and alterations of sexual functions in relation to the intake of medicines or psychotropic substances.
In men, it causes impaired muscle and body hair development, gynecomastia, decreased height, erectile dysfunction, and sexual difficulties. If hypogonadism is caused by a disorder of the central nervous system (e.g., a brain tumor ), then this is known as central hypogonadism .
However, based on incomplete population based studies from the United States, Europe and Australia, unspecified arousal dysfunction (in which a woman is unable to achieve desirable genital or non-genital sexual arousal despite adequate stimulation and desire) was present in 3-9% of women aged 18–44, 5-7.5% aged 45–64 and 3-6% in women older ...
Endothelial dysfunction is a risk factor that is specifically associated with erectile dysfunction. [13] Past family medical history of sexual dysfunction disorders are also a risk factor for development. Sociocultural factors may also contribute to sexual problems, such as personal, religious, or cultural beliefs about sex.
Some men present with symptoms, but they have normal testosterone levels, while others with low testosterone levels have no symptoms. The reasons for this phenomenon are currently unknown. [3] [6] In their late 40s and early 50s, some men may experience depression, loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, and other physical and emotional symptoms.