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They are used for quality assurance, process control, and for research and development in many industries. Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880, [ 3 ] but only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use the piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing applications.
Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer .
Piezoelectric balance presented by Pierre Curie to Lord Kelvin, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow. Piezoelectricity (/ ˌ p iː z oʊ-, ˌ p iː t s oʊ-, p aɪ ˌ iː z oʊ-/, US: / p i ˌ eɪ z oʊ-, p i ˌ eɪ t s oʊ-/) [1] is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in ...
A description of how a piezoelectric accelerometer works in theory. A piezoelectric accelerometer is an accelerometer that employs the piezoelectric effect of certain materials to measure dynamic changes in mechanical variables (e.g., acceleration, vibration, and mechanical shock).
Hydraulic head (or piezometric head) is a specific measurement of the potential of water above a vertical datum. [7] It is the height of the free surface of water above a given point beneath the surface. [4] Pumping level is the level of water in the well during pumping. [8] Specific capacity is the well yield per unit of drawdown. [8]
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The following table lists the following properties for piezoelectric materials The piezoelectric coefficients (d 33, d 31, d 15 etc.) measure the strain induced by an applied voltage (expressed as meters per volt).
The standard method for measuring pore water pressure below the water table employs a piezometer, which measures the height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity; i.e., the static pressure (or piezometric head) of groundwater at a specific depth. [6] Piezometers often employ electronic pressure transducers to provide data.