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The main focus of digital forensics investigations is to recover objective evidence of a criminal activity (termed actus reus in legal parlance). However, the diverse range of data held in digital devices can help with other areas of inquiry. [4] Attribution Meta data and other logs can be used to attribute actions to an individual.
The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of personal data and traffic on the Internet. [7] For example, in the United States, the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act mandates that all phone calls and broadband internet traffic (emails, web traffic, instant messaging, etc.) be available for unimpeded, real-time monitoring by Federal law enforcement agencies.
Since then, computer crime and computer-related crime has grown, with the FBI reporting a suspected 791,790 internet crimes in 2020, a 69% increase over the amount reported in 2019. [2] [3] Today, computer forensics is used to investigate a wide variety of crimes, including child pornography, fraud, espionage, cyberstalking, murder, and rape.
Law enforcement agencies can then request a search in IAFIS to identify crime scene (latent) fingerprints obtained during criminal investigations. Civil searches are also performed, but the FBI charges a fee and the response time is slower. A more advanced Next Generation Identification system became operational in 2011. [3] [4]
Data diddling is a type of cybercrime in which data is altered as it is entered into a computer system, [1] most often by a data entry clerk or a computer virus. [2] Computerized processing of the altered data results in a fraudulent benefit. In some cases, the altered data is changed back after processing to conceal the activity.
However, as the world becomes more dependent on technology, cyber attacks and cyber crime are going to expand as threat actors will continue to exploit weaknesses in protection and existing vulnerabilities to achieve their end goals, often being data theft or exfiltration.
The unit maintains a website called Cyber Shield Alliance (www.leo.gov) [4] which provides access to cyber training and information for the public, and the means to report cyber incidents to the FBI. [3] The FBI reports that since 2002, they have seen an 80 percent increase in the number of computer intrusion investigations. [3]
A new and novel technique called System properties approach has also been employed where ever rank data is available. [6] Statistical analysis of research data is the most comprehensive method for determining if data fraud exists. Data fraud as defined by the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) includes fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.